The remarkable discovery of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) over the past 5 years has opened
up an entirely new era in the understanding of the molecular events that initiate the …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of transmembrane receptors that have been
preserved throughout evolution and which selectively recognize a broad spectrum of …

Until recently, the manner in which we respond to pathogens was obscure. It is now clear
that a family of proteins, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), 3 contribute to the signal transduction …

The health of living organisms is constantly challenged by bacterial and viral threats. The
recognition of pathogenic microorganisms by diverse receptors triggers a variety of host …

The innate immune system senses invading microorganisms by a phylogenetically
conserved family of proteins–TLRs. They are expressed in several types of cells that …

The family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is receiving considerable attention as potential
regulators and controllers of the immune response through their ability to recognize …

Abstract Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an important family of receptors that
constitute the first line of defense system against microbes. They can recognize both …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) constitute an archetypal pattern recognition system. Their
sophisticated biology underpins the ability of innate immunity to discriminate between highly …

Due to the rapid increase of new information on the multiple roles of Toll-like receptors
(TLRs), this paper reviews several main properties of TLRs and their ligands and signaling …

The unrelenting bombardment by microbial pathogens from the environment and their
increasing resistance to medical treatments are a constant threat to the survival of all …