The 2010 McDonald criteria were developed to allow a more rapid diagnosis of relapsing-
remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) by only one MRI of the brain. Although cerebrospinal fluid …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a substantial degree of heterogeneity in relation
to clinical manifestations, disease course, radiologic findings, histopathologic characteristics …

Intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis can be assessed by different approaches. It can be
measured quantitatively by the IgG index or qualitatively by isoelectric focusing (IEF) to …

Background The ability to predict the future progression of MS represents a key issue for the
neurologist. The aim of the study was to create a multifactorial prognostic index (MPI) …

We studied intrathecal IgG synthesis and autoantibody-secreting cells in 148 patients with
possible onset symptoms of MS (POSMS) or clinically definite MS (CDMS). In POSMS …

This document presents the guidelines for the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and the
determination of oligoclonal bands (OCBs) as pivotal tests in neuroinflammatory pathologies …

IgG oligoclonal bands (OCB) are detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of more than 90%
of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and are considered the immunological hallmark that …

The K free light chain (K) index has been suggested as a reliable marker of intrathecal
synthesis, despite the 2017 McDonald criteria for multiple sclerosis (MS) suggesting to …

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated that intrathecal synthesis of IgM is
observed in multiple sclerosis (MS) and correlates with a worse disease course. These …

Examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the context of multiple sclerosis (MS), is valuable
for several reasons. First, routine diagnostic evaluation of CSF cell counts and various forms …