The intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) fetus develops unique metabolic adaptations in
response to exposure to reduced nutrient supply. These adaptations provide survival value …

OBJECTIVE Alteration of placental structure may influence fetal overgrowth and
complications of maternal diabetes. We examined the placenta in a cohort of offspring of …

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are well-known regulators of embryonic growth and
differentiation. IGF function is closely related to insulin action. IGFs are available to the …

Obesity and pregnancy are associated with a combination of insulin resistance and
inflammatory changes that exacerbate, in combination, potentially increasing risk for GDM …

Fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a frequently occurring and serious
complication of pregnancy. Infants exposed to IUGR are at risk for numerous perinatal …

The placenta is a complex fetal organ that fulfills pleiotropic roles during fetal growth. It
separates the maternal and fetal circulation, with which it is in contact through different …

The placenta is the main determinant of fetal growth and development in utero. It supplies all
the nutrients and oxygen required for fetal growth and secretes hormones that facilitate …

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) represents a condition where the fetal weight is less
than the 10th percentile for gestational age, or the estimated fetal weight is lower than …

Diabetes in pregnancy affects 20 million women per year and is associated with increased
risk of obesity in offspring, leading to insulin resistance and cardiometabolic disease …

Reduced placental growth factor (PLGF) during pregnancy is known to be a reason for
developing preeclampsia (PE) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but the underlying …