TORONTO—The theory that chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency, or CCSVI, could be
associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) remains largely unproven, doctors say. The …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) has traditionally been considered an autoimmune disorder—an
abnormal immune system attacking an otherwise healthy brain, spinal cord, or optic nerve …

Although the cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) is not known, the consensus theory is that
genetic predisposition, along with some nongenetic trigger, begins a downward spiral of …

Background: The “chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency” or “CCSVI” hypothesis,
namely that multiple sclerosis (MS) is caused by abnormalities in the azygous and internal …

The hypothesis that extra-cranial venous flow abnormalities leading to a stagnant venous
return contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) has generated passionate …

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) IS A CHRONIC neurodegenerative disorder of un-known
cause. Inflammation, demy-elination, and neuroaxonal dysfunction contribute to its …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and debilitating neurological disease characterized by
multifocal areas of inflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration within the brain and …

2. Zivadinov R, Marr K, Cutter G, et al. Prevalence, sensitivity, and specificity of chronic
cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in MS. Neurology 2011; 77: 138–144. 3. Menegatti E …

Dear Sirs, The hypothesis of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) as a
primary cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) has been recently introduced [8]. The CCSVI might …

Opinion statement Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a relapsing and progressive disorder of the
central nervous system. It is characterized most commonly by episodes of clinical worsening …