Adaptive responses to predation are generally studied assuming only one predator type
exists, but most prey species are depredated by multiple types. When multiple types occur …

Bushmasters (Lachesis muta) at Dallas Zoo demonstrated strike-induced chemosensory
searching (SICS) and trail-following when feeding on relatively large prey (> 25% of snake …

Predators can affect prey populations through changes in traits that reduce predation risk.
These trait changes (nonconsumptive effects, NCEs) can be energetically costly and cause …

Foraging theory was first developed to predict the behaviour of widely‐foraging animals that
actively search for prey. Although the behaviour of sit‐and‐wait predators often follows …

How people experience nature influences their attitudes and actions towards it. Having had
a negative encounter with an animal may facilitate avoidance and freezing responses which …

Despite growing evidence of widespread impacts of humans on animal behaviour, our
understanding of how humans reshape species interactions remains limited. 2. Here, we …

Food availability is an important factor in the life histories of organisms because it is often
limiting and thus can affect growth, mass change, reproduction, and behaviors such as …

Habituation to nonlethal predation stimuli may provide benefits for animals living in areas
with frequent encounters with low-risk predators. On the other hand, individuals can be very …

Nonlethal disturbance can impose fitness costs, particularly during sensitive life history
stages such as reproduction. Prey animals are thus expected to assess the costs and …

Predation risk, the probability that a prey animal will be killed by a predator, is fundamental
to theoretical and applied ecology. Predation risk varies with animal behavior and …