Maintaining the balance between eliciting immune responses against foreign proteins and
tolerating self-proteins is crucial for maintenance of homeostasis. The functions of …

Recently, the development of immunotherapy through the immune checkpoint blockade led
to long-lasting responses in several types of cancers that are refractory to conventional …

Simple Summary Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy in women. With the
improvement of medical treatment, breast cancer has become one of the solid tumors with …

Early clinical trials investigating monoclonal antibodies targeting the T-cell inhibitory
receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 have shown efficacy in …

Breast cancer is a common malignant tumor in women. Triple‑negative breast cancer
(TNBC) is highly invasive with a high rate of metastasis and poor prognosis. Programmed …

Immune checkpoint inhibition represents a major recent breakthrough in the treatment of
malignant diseases including breast cancer. Blocking the programmed death receptor-1 (PD …

Over the past decade, there has been sustained research activity on programmed death-
1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) immune checkpoint inhibitors for breast cancer …

Cancer cells can evade the attack from host immune systems via hijacking the regulatory
circuits mediated by immune checkpoints. Therefore, reactivating the antitumor immunity by …

Highlights•Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has high degree of immune cell
infiltration.•Anti-programmed death receptor-1/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) …

Despite strong evidence supporting the existence of a functional cancer immune
surveillance process, immunocompetent individuals still develop cancer [1]. In past years, as …