The study of chemistry at the interface with other disciplines, such as biology, physics,
materials science, environmental science or engineering, continues to be a source of much …

Biomineralization is the process by which organisms form mineralized tissues with
hierarchical structures and excellent properties, including the bones and teeth in …

The control of crystal formation has been developed to a remarkable degree by many
organisms. Oriented nucleation, control over crystal morphology, formation of unique …

Despite the complicated hierarchical structures of natural materials such as shells, bones,
and teeth, their basic building blocks are generally in the nanometer size range [1–6] to …

The often astonishing material properties of crystalline biominerals are generally related to
the hierarchical assembly of specifically interacting organic and inorganic components. To …

Biomimetic mineralization exploits natural biomineralization processes for the design and
fabrication of synthetic functional materials. Here, we report for the first time the use of …

Various organisms possess a genetic program that enables the controlled formation of a
mineral, a process termed biomineralization. The variety of biological material architectures …

Biomineralization can afford crystal frameworks of great diversity and utmost complexity,
frequently featuring hierarchical structures and morphologies beyond any crystallographic …

Many multicellular organisms pro-duce hard tissues such as bones, teeth, shells, skeletal
units, and spicules (1). These hard tissues are biocomposites and incorporate both structural …

Biominerals such as the nacre of shells, spicules of sea urchins, teeth, and bones are
inorganic-organic hybrids that have highly controlled hierarchical and complex structures …