Challenges and key considerations of the enhanced permeability and retention effect for nanomedicine drug delivery in oncology

U Prabhakar, H Maeda, RK Jain, EM Sevick-Muraca… - 2013 - AACR
Enhanced permeability of the tumor vasculature allows macromolecules to enter the tumor
interstitial space, whereas the suppressed lymphatic filtration allows them to stay there. This …

Enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect for anticancer nanomedicine drug targeting

K Greish - Cancer nanotechnology: Methods and protocols, 2010 - Springer
Effective cancer therapy remains one of the most challenging tasks to the scientific
community, with little advancement on overall cancer survival landscape during the last two …

Human solid tumors and clinical relevance of the enhanced permeation and retention effect: a 'golden gate'for nanomedicine in preclinical studies?

P Gawali, A Saraswat, S Bhide, S Gupta, K Patel - Nanomedicine, 2023 - Taylor & Francis
Nanocarriers passively accumulate in solid tumors through irregular wide fenestrations in
neovasculature and increased retention due to poor lymphatic drainage, a phenomenon …

Enhanced permeability and retention effect for selective targeting of anticancer nanomedicine: are we there yet?

K Greish - Drug Discovery Today: Technologies, 2012 - Elsevier
Enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect is a popular strategy for targeting
nanosize anticancer drugs to tumor tissues. In this review we discuss how EPR effect …

The tumor EPR effect for cancer drug delivery: Current status, limitations, and alternatives

R Sun, J Xiang, Q Zhou, Y Piao, J Tang, S Shao… - Advanced Drug Delivery …, 2022 - Elsevier
Over the past three decades, the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect has
been considered the basis of tumor-targeted drug delivery. Various cancer nanomedicines …

New insights into “permeability” as in the enhanced permeability and retention effect of cancer nanotherapeutics

A Nel, E Ruoslahti, H Meng - Acs Nano, 2017 - ACS Publications
There has been significant debate about the nature of the enhanced permeability retention
effect (EPR) for promoting drug delivery by therapeutic nanoparticles at sites of rapid cancer …

Tumor extravasation and infiltration as barriers of nanomedicine for high efficacy: The current status and transcytosis strategy

Q Zhou, C Dong, W Fan, H Jiang, J Xiang, N Qiu… - Biomaterials, 2020 - Elsevier
Nanotechnology-based drug delivery platforms have been explored for cancer treatments
and resulted in several nanomedicines in clinical uses and many in clinical trials. However …

[HTML][HTML] Improving conventional enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects; what is the appropriate target?

H Kobayashi, R Watanabe, PL Choyke - Theranostics, 2014 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Nano-sized therapeutic agents have several advantages over low molecular weight agents
such as a larger loading capacity, the ability to protect the payload until delivery, more …

Parameters affecting the enhanced permeability and retention effect: the need for patient selection

AA Natfji, D Ravishankar, HMI Osborn… - Journal of pharmaceutical …, 2017 - Elsevier
The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect constitutes the rationale by which
nanotechnologies selectively target drugs to tumors. Despite promising preclinical and …

Development of next-generation macromolecular drugs based on the EPR effect: challenges and pitfalls

H Nakamura, F Jun, H Maeda - Expert opinion on drug delivery, 2015 - Taylor & Francis
Introduction: A major problem with conventional antitumor therapeutics is nonselective
delivery of cytotoxic drugs to normal vital organs and tissues but little delivery to tumor …