Background The emergence and spread of high levels of HIV-1 drug resistance in resource-
limited settings where combination antiretroviral treatment has been scaled up could …

Background There are few data on the epidemiology of primary HIV-1 drug resistance after
the roll-out of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to assess the …

Background Pretreatment drug resistance in people initiating or re-initiating antiretroviral
therapy (ART) containing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) might …

Objectives: To evaluate the frequency and progression over time of the WHO-defined
transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance mutations (DRMs) among antiretroviral treatment (ART) …

A substantial number of studies have been performed across the world to determine
transmitted drug resistance. Large variations between different parts of the world can be …

Background The effect of pretreatment HIV-1 drug resistance on the response to first-line
combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa has not been assessed. We …

Abstract Background South Africa has the largest public antiretroviral therapy (ART)
programme in the world. We assessed temporal trends in pretreatment HIV-1 drug …

TDR is on the rise after the recent scale-up of ART in Africa. To prevent the development and
spread of drug resistance and sustain the effectiveness of ART programmes, there is a need …

Background The increasing availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved survival
and quality of life for many infected with HIV, but can also engender drug resistance. This …

Background. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drug resistance may limit the
benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART). This cohort study examined patterns of drug …