In traditional models of in vitro biofilm development, individual bacterial cells seed a surface,
multiply, and mature into multicellular, three-dimensional structures. Much research has …

Bacterial biofilms are usually assumed to originate from individual cells deposited on a
surface. However, many biofilm-forming bacteria tend to aggregate in the planktonic phase …

Biofilms have conventionally been perceived as dense bacterial masses on surfaces,
following the five-step model of development. Initial biofilm research focused on surface …

For the past ten years, the developmental model of microbial biofilm formation has served as
the major conceptual framework for biofilm research; however, the paradigmatic value of this …

Historically, microbial organisms have been grown in pure liquid cultures as free‐floating
“planktonic” cells, promoting the general theory of the unicellular lifestyle. However, in the …

The biofilm matrix can be considered to be a shared space for the encased microbial cells,
comprising a wide variety of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), such as …

Outside of the laboratory, most microbes grow as organised biofilm communities on
surfaces. The past year has seen important advances in our understanding of how cells …

The development of surface-attached communities called biofilms is often thought to be a
regulated developmental process involving profound biofilm-specific modifications. Despite …

The development of bacterial biofilms includes both the initial social behavior of
undifferentiated cells, as well as cell death and differentiation in the mature biofilm, and …

In most environments, bacteria reside primarily in biofilms, which are social consortia of cells
that are embedded in an extracellular matrix and undergo developmental programmes …