Many birds have been shown to reduce their reproductive investment in response to
infestation of nest sites by ectoparasites. Nest‐dwelling parasite populations increase …

Brood parasitic birds lay their eggs in other birds' nests, leaving hosts to raise their offspring.
To understand parasite-host coevolutionary arms races, many studies have examined host …

We measured the responses of nesting least flycatchers (Empidonax minimus) to a model of
the brood‐parasitic brown‐headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). A greater number of …

We examined avoidance, tolerance, and resistance strategies of nestling and adult tree
swallows Tachycineta bicolor in response to ectoparasitic blowflies Protocalliphora sialia …

Passerine birds, especially during the breeding season and nestling development, are
exposed to an array of hematophagous ectoparasites. Although the direct consequences of …

Vertebrate immune responses to ectoparasites influence pathogen transmission and host
fitness costs. Few studies have characterized natural immune responses to ectoparasites …

Summary 1 Parasites might preferentially feed on hosts in good nutritional condition as such
hosts provide better resources for the parasites' own growth, survival and reproduction …

Immune responses constitute a major way for hosts to defend themselves against parasites.
Because hosts do not habitually produce strong responses all the time, immune responses …

Birds are hosts to many parasites, internal and external. The parasites inevitably form a
burden to the host bird and therefore may affect its ability to grow, survive, and reproduce; its …

Introduced pathogens and other parasites are often implicated in host population‐level
declines and extinctions. However, such claims are rarely supported by rigorous real‐time …