Reward expectations based on internal knowledge of the external environment are a core
component of adaptive behavior. However, internal knowledge may be inaccurate or …

Reward expectations based on internal knowledge of the external environment are a core
component of adaptive behavior. However, internal knowledge may be inaccurate or …

Dopamine is implicated in adaptive behavior through reward prediction error (RPE) signals
that update value estimates. There is also accumulating evidence that animals in structured …

Animals can adapt their preferences for different types for reward according to physiological
state, such as hunger or thirst. To describe this ability, we propose a simple extension of …

Decisions occur in dynamic environments. In the framework of reinforcement learning, the
probability of performing an action is influenced by decision variables. Discrepancies …

Rewards are thought to influence future choices through dopaminergic reward prediction
errors (RPEs) updating stored value estimates. However, accumulating evidence suggests …

Predicting outcomes is a critical ability of humans and animals. The dopamine reward
prediction error hypothesis, the driving force behind the recent progress in neural “value …

Highlights•Decision-making involves various uses of internal models, such as reflecting
reward structures.•Generalized prediction errors are used to improve value-based decision …

The Reward Prediction Error hypothesis proposes that phasic activity in the midbrain
dopaminergic system reflects prediction errors needed for learning in reinforcement …

Biological accounts of reinforcement learning posit that dopamine encodes reward
prediction errors (RPEs), which are multiplied by a learning rate to update state or action …