Background Preclinical studies showed that early stress results in long-term alterations in
the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We performed a comprehensive assessment …

Exposure to childhood trauma may induce persistent changes in Hypothalamic-Pituitary-
Adrenal (HPA)-axis functioning even in the absence of current psychopathology. Because …

OBJECTIVE: Early adverse life events may predispose individuals to the development of
mood and anxiety disorders in adulthood, perhaps by inducing persistent changes in …

Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health disorder precipitated by a stressful
event that produces fear or terror in the individual. Post‐traumatic stress disorder studies …

BACKGROUND: Alterations of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function and
sympathetic-adrenal activity have been proposed as key factors in biological models of …

ContextEvidence suggests that early adverse experiences play a preeminent role in
development of mood and anxiety disorders and that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) …

Preclinical studies show that animals with a history of chronic stress exposure have
increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity following reexposure to …

Background: Limited studies of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation in
posttraumatic stress disorder have been performed in premenopausal women. We therefore …

Background: The objective of this study was to examine the modifying effect of gender on the
association between early life trauma and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis …

BACKGROUND: Preclinical research findings suggest that exposure to stress and
concomitant hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation during early development …