Objective: It is still unclear whether chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is
associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), because substantial methodological differences …

Objectives A new treatable venous disorder, chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
(CCSVI), has been proposed in patients with multiple sclerosis. The natural course of CCSVI …

Background The role of intra-and extra-cranial venous system impairment in the
pathogenesis of various vascular, inflammatory and neurodegenerative neurological …

A chronic state of impaired venous drainage from the central nervous system, termed
chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI), is claimed to be a pathologic …

Abstract In 2008, Paulo Zamboni pioneered the 'liberation procedure'for treating multiple
sclerosis (MS), claiming that MS is caused by an abnormality of venous drainage which he …

Background There is no established noninvasive or invasive diagnostic imaging modality at
present that can serve as a 'gold standard'or “benchmark” for the detection of the venous …

Objective Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is a recently discovered
syndrome mainly due to stenoses of internal jugular (IJV) and/or azygos (AZ) veins. The …

The objective of this review is to analyze the actual scientific controversy on chronic
cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) and its association with both neurodegenerative …

Background: The extracranial venous outflow routes in clinically defined multiple sclerosis
(CDMS) have not previously been investigated. Methods: Sixty-five patients affected by …

Purpose To evaluate the safety of endovascular treatment of chronic cerebrovascular
insufficiency (CCSVI) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods In a 1-year period …