The evolutionary history of plants is tightly connected with the evolution of microbial
pathogens and herbivores, which use photosynthetic end products as a source of life. In …

The chloroplast houses photosynthesis in all green plants, and is therefore of fundamental
importance to the viability and productivity of plants, ecosystems, and agriculture …

Communication between the compartments or organelles of cells is essential for plant
growth and development. There is an emerging understanding of signals generated within …

Retrograde signaling, defined as the signaling events leading from the plastids to the
nucleus, coordinates the expression of plastid and nuclear genes and is crucial for …

Chloroplasts are the organelles that perform energy transformation in plants. The normal
physiological functions of chloroplasts are essential for plant growth and development …

DNA and machinery for gene expression have been discovered in chloroplasts during the
1960s. It was soon evident that the chloroplast genome is relatively small, that most genes …

Chloroplast retrograde signals play important roles in coordinating the plastid and nuclear
gene expression and are critical for proper chloroplast biogenesis and for maintaining …

Chloroplasts of leaves under high light stress initiate signals to the nuclei of both exposed
and distal leaves in order to acclimate against the potential threat of oxidative damage: a …

Plastid-to-nucleus signaling is essential for the coordination and adjustment of cellular
metabolism in response to environmental and developmental cues of plant cells. A variety of …

Significance: Interplay among apoplastic and chloroplastic redox signaling networks is
emerging as a key mechanism in plant stress responses. Recent Advances: Recent …