Plants are attacked by a multitude of pathogens and pests, some of which cause epidemics
that threaten food security. Yet a fundamental concept in plant pathology is that most plants …

Plants generate effective responses to infection by recognizing both conserved and variable
pathogen-encoded molecules. Pathogens deploy virulence effector proteins into host cells …

Plant diseases caused by pathogens and pests are a constant threat to global food security.
Direct crop losses and the measures used to control disease (eg application of pesticides) …

Many plant-associated microbes are pathogens that impair plant growth and reproduction.
Plants respond to infection using a two-branched innate immune system. The first branch …

Plants have developed a complex defense system against diverse pests and pathogens.
Once pathogens overcome mechanical barriers to infection, plant receptors initiate signaling …

Background Plants are constantly exposed to evolving pathogens and pests, with crop
losses representing a considerable threat to global food security. As pathogen evolution can …

Plants are engaged in a continuous co-evolutionary struggle for dominance with their
pathogens. The outcomes of these interactions are of particular importance to human …

Plants are invaded by an array of pathogens of which only a few succeed in causing
disease. The attack by others is countered by a sophisticated immune system possessed by …

Highlights•Activation of immune responses requires receptor complex assembly.•Receptor
complexes differentially reside in regulatory scaffolds.•Phytocytokines, such as RALF …

Studies of receptors and signal-transduction components that play a role in plant disease
resistance have revealed remarkable similarities with innate immunity pathways in insects …