Although the fields of toxicology and human health assessment address similar problems,
the experts from these fields do not meet very frequently. Originating from a meeting of …

Background The current paradigm for the assessment of the health risk of chemical
substances focuses primarily on the effects of individual substances for determining the …

A substantial effort has been spent over the past few decades to label toxicologic interaction
outcomes as synergistic, antagonistic, or additive. Although useful in influencing the …

In this important reference work, Zeliger catalogs the known effects of chemical mixtures on
the human body and also proposes a framework for understanding and predicting their …

There is increasing interest in the use of tiered approaches in risk assessment of mixtures or
co-exposures to chemicals for prioritization. One possible screening-level risk assessment …

Humans and wildlife are continuously exposed to multiple chemicals from different sources
and via different routes, both simultaneously and in sequence. Scientific evidence for …

This paper reviews the role of toxicological studies in understanding the health effects of
environmental exposures to mixtures. The approach taken is to review mixtures that have …

This article reviews the current legislative requirements for risk assessment of combined
exposure to multiple chemicals via multiple exposure routes, focusing on human health and …

Mechanistic studies with simple mixtures have provided insights into the nature of
interactions among chemicals that lead to non-additive effects and have elucidated the …

Differential exposure to mixtures of environmental agents, including biological, chemical,
physical, and psychosocial stressors, can contribute to increased vulnerability of human …