Introduction: The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), the ratio of trans-3′-hydroxycotinine (3-
HC) to cotinine, has been used as a biomarker of the rate of CYP2A6-mediated nicotine …

Reducing the addictiveness of cigarettes by reducing their nicotine content can potentially
have a profound impact on public health. Two different approaches to nicotine reduction …

Introduction Alcohol may influence the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), an index of the rate
of nicotine metabolism that is associated smoking level and lapses. We examined if NMR …

Background In samples from controlled randomized clinical trials, a smoker's rate of nicotine
metabolism, measured by the 3-hydroxycotinine to cotinine ratio (NMR), predicts response …

Cigarette smoking is highly addictive and modern genetic research has identified robust
genetic influences on nicotine dependence. An important step in translating these genetic …

Background: We sought to determine the optimal plasma and urine nicotine metabolites,
alone or in combination, to estimate the systemic dose of nicotine after low-level exposure …

Rationale Variability in the rate of nicotine metabolism, measured by the nicotine metabolite
ratio (NMR), is associated with smoking behavior. However, data linking the NMR with …

Background: The ratio of two nicotine metabolites, cotinine and trans-3′-hydroxycotinine (3-
HC), has been validated as a method of phenotyping the activity of the liver enzyme …

Importance The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has announced its intention to
reduce the nicotine content in combustible cigarettes but must base regulation on public …

Importance The optimal temporal approach for reducing nicotine to minimally or
nonaddictive levels in all cigarettes sold in the United States has not been determined …