Positive-and negative-reinforcement consequences of smoking were assessed using a self-
report inventory. Data from 429 current smokers (348 women, 81 men) were subjected to an …

Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate factors affecting variabilities in the
observed levels of nicotine metabolite ratios in serum (NMRS, N= 10,234) and urine (NMRU …

Smokers who inhale less deeply are exposed to lower amounts of the toxic substances
present in tobacco smoke. In order to more rigorously assess tobacco smoke exposure, it is …

Background: Reduced nicotine content (RNC) cigarettes have led to smoking fewer
cigarettes, withdrawal relief, and facilitation of cessation. The aim of this study is to examine …

Background: Determine the overall, sex-, and racially/ethnically-appropriate population-level
cotinine and total nicotine equivalents (TNE-2, the molar sum of the two major nicotine …

Introduction Some studies have found some reduction in tobacco exposure and tobacco-
related disease risk with decreased numbers of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD), but …

Background CYP2A6 metabolizes nicotine to its primary metabolite cotinine and also
mediates the metabolism of cotinine to trans-3′-hydroxycotinine (3HC). The ratio of 3HC to …

Abstract Background: Recent Food and Drug Administration legislation enables the
mandating of product performance standards for cigarette smoke and the evaluation of …

Background Rate of nicotine metabolism is an important factor influencing cigarette smoking
behavior, dependence, and efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy. The current study …

Rationale Individual differences in the rate of nicotine metabolism (RNM) could be related to
dependence and success in stopping smoking. A range of studies have examined RNM …