Upon microbial infection, a host has to mount a multiplicity of immune responses that target
the invading pathogen. This is achieved in part by the use of particular receptors expressed …

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) activates the innate immune system in response to microbial DNA
or mimicking oligodeoxynucleotides. Although cell stimulation experiments demonstrate the …

Vertebrate toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense invading pathogens by recognizing bacterial and
viral structures and, as a result, activate innate and adaptive immune responses. Ten human …

Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against invading microbes. This component
of our immune system relies on highly conserved pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were shown to play a critical role in the recognition and activation
of pathogens by the innate immune system. Pathogen engagement of the TLR–myeloid …

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), a member of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family of pathogen-
associated molecular pattern receptors, is activated by unmethylated CpG-containing …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognise highly conserved molecular structures, collectively
known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In the past two decades, development …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the pattern recognition receptors, which are activated by
foreign and host molecules in order to initiate the immune response. They play a crucial role …

The interaction of innate and adaptive immune responses is extremely complex and just
beginning to be understood in detail. The tendency for biomedical research to establish …

Toll like receptors (TLR) play a critical role in the recognition and response of pathogens by
the innate immune system. Pathogen engagement of the TLR-MyD88 pathway favours the …