Molecular and genetic studies have demonstrated that members of the Toll-like receptor
(TLR) family are critical innate immune receptors. TLRs are recognition receptors for a …

The mammalian Toll‐like receptor (TLR) family consists of 13 members, and recognizes
specific patterns of microbial components, called pathogen‐associated molecular patterns …

Recognition of an invading pathogen is critical to elicit protective responses. Certain
microbial structures and molecules, which are crucial for their survival and virulence, are …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved transmembrane receptors that detect
micro-organisms through the recognition of conserved molecular motifs. With each TLR able …

The innate immune system serves as a first line of defense against microbial pathogens. The
host innate immune response can be triggered by recognition of conserved non-self …

The molecular repertoire for innate recognition of bacterial pathogens has expanded rapidly
in the past decade. These immunosensors include Toll-like receptors and the more recently …

Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 has recently been associated with cellular responses to
numerous microbial products, including LPS and bacterial lipoproteins. However, many …

Although lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation through the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4/MD-2
receptor complex activates host defense against Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, how …

The recent characterization of human homologues of Toll may be the missing link for the
transduction events leading to NF‐κB activity and proinflammatory gene transcription during …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 recognizes and responds to threats early in bacterial infections
and can influence the downstream immune response to the host's benefit or detriment …