Inflammation and other immune responses are involved in the variety of diseases and
disorders. The acute response to endotoxemia includes activation of innate immune …

Introduction 3. Release of soluble pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory mediators and their
immunosuppressive potential 3.1. IL-10 3.2. IL-4 3.3. TGF-beta 3.4. Prostaglandin E2 …

Sepsis, a life threating syndrome characterized by organ failure after infection, is the most
common cause of death in hospitalized patients. The treatment of sepsis is generally …

Objective: An immunomodulatory effect of epinephrine has been reported that is supposed
to be mediated via β-adrenergic receptors. The effect of epinephrine and/or β-adrenergic …

Background Stimulation of the vagus nerve has modulating, anti-inflammatory effects on the
cellular immune response in the blood and the spleen, stabilizing brain function. Here, we …

The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway has been identified as playing a key role in the
communication between the central nervous system and the immune system during …

Sepsis remains a critical global health issue, demanding novel therapeutic strategies.
Traditional immunomodulation treatments such as corticosteroids, specific modifiers of …

Patients surviving a septic episode exhibit persistent immune impairment and increased
mortality due to enhanced vulnerability to infections. In the present study, using the cecal …

Sepsis is a host immune disorder induced by infection. It can lead to multiple organ
dysfunction syndrome (MODS), which has high morbidity and mortality. There has been …

Septic shock is a major cause of death worldwide and a considerable healthcare burden in
the twenty-first century. Attention has shifted from damaging effects of the proinflammatory …