Aversive events are typically more debilitating when they occur unpredictably than
predictably. Studies in humans and animals indicate that predictable and unpredictable …

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and an experimental paradigm of instructed
fear, we observed a striking pattern of decreased activity in primary motor cortex with …

Contextual fear conditioning takes place if the occurrence of threat cannot be predicted by
specific cues. As a consequence the context becomes the best predictor of the threat and …

Being exposed to fear or anger signals makes us feel threatened and prompts us to prepare
an adaptive response. Yet, while fear and anger behaviors are both threat signals, what …

While much research has elucidated the neurobiology of fear learning, the neural systems
supporting the generalization of learned fear are unknown. Using functional magnetic …

Effective perception of fear signals is crucial for human survival and the importance of the
amygdala in this process is well documented. Animal, lesion and neuroimaging studies …

When extreme, anxiety—a state of distress and arousal prototypically evoked by uncertain
danger—can be debilitating. Uncertain anticipation is a shared feature of situations that elicit …

The experience and appraisal of threat is essential to human and animal survival. Lesion
evidence suggests that the subjective experience of fear relies upon amygdala-medial …

Physical proximity to a traumatic event increases the severity of accompanying stress
symptoms, an effect that is reminiscent of evolutionarily configured fear responses based on …

We review likely neurobiological substrates of cognitions related to fear and anxiety.
Cognitive processes are linked to abnormal early activity reflecting hypervigilance in …