Closed-loop or intelligent neuromodulation allows adjustable, personalized
neuromodulation which usually incorporates the recording of a biomarker, followed by …

The development of closed-loop deep brain stimulation (DBS) systems represents a
significant opportunity for innovation in the clinical application of neurostimulation therapies …

Chronically implantable, closed-loop neuromodulation devices with concurrent sensing and
stimulation hold promise for better understanding the nervous system and improving …

Neurotransmitters are important chemical messengers in the nervous system that play a
crucial role in physiological and physical health. Abnormal levels of neurotransmitters have …

ABSTRACT Introduction: The International Neuromodulation Society defines
neuromodulation as the alteration of nerve activity through targeted delivery of a stimulus …

Introduction: Epilepsy affects more than 1% of the US population, and over 30% of adults
with epilepsy do not respond to antiseizure medications without life-impacting medication …

The brain operates through complex interactions in the flow of information and signal
processing within neural networks. The 'wiring'of such networks, being neuronal or glial, can …

Techniques for neuromodulation serve as effective routes to care of patients with many types
of challenging conditions. Continued progress in this field of medicine will require (1) …

Our brain is an intricate neuromodulatory network, and various neurochemicals, including
neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, gases, ions, and energy metabolites, play important …

Object Conventional deep brain stimulation (DBS) devices continue to rely on an open-loop
system in which stimulation is independent of functional neural feedback. The authors …