The chloroplast is a complex cellular organelle that not only performs photosynthesis but
also synthesizes amino acids, lipids, and phytohormones. Nuclear and chloroplast genetic …

Plastids are organelles found in photosynthetic eukaryotes and are best known as sites of
photosynthesis. In addition to this role, plastids manufacture and store a myriad of …

Intracellular signaling from plastids to the nucleus, called retrograde signaling, coordinates
the expression of nuclear and plastid genes and is essential for plastid biogenesis and for …

Retrograde signaling, defined as the signaling events leading from the plastids to the
nucleus, coordinates the expression of plastid and nuclear genes and is crucial for …

Plastids are a diverse group of organelles found in plants and some parasites. Because
genes encoding plastid proteins are divided between the nuclear and plastid genomes …

Retrograde signals are signals that originate in organelles to regulate nuclear gene
expression. In plant cells, retrograde signaling from both chloroplasts and mitochondria is …

Communication between the compartments or organelles of cells is essential for plant
growth and development. There is an emerging understanding of signals generated within …

The most conspicuous function of plastids is the oxygenic photosynthesis of chloroplasts, yet
plastids are super-factories that produce a plethora of compounds that are indispensable for …

Retrograde Signals Navigate the Path to Chloroplast Development | Plant Physiology | Oxford
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DNA and machinery for gene expression have been discovered in chloroplasts during the
1960s. It was soon evident that the chloroplast genome is relatively small, that most genes …