Background and aims Direct laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation act as powerful
noxious stimuli causing stimulation of sympathetic nervous system. Hence the present study …

Materials and Methods: In this prospective randomised double-blind study, 60 American
Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade I and II patients aged 20–60 years of either …

Methods: Sixty American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Grade I and II patients
of either gender, 20–45 years old, 40–65 kg body weight, scheduled to undergo elective …

Results: Mean HR was comparable in both groups throughout the study period. Group M
had significantly lower MAP before induction and immediately after induction (P< 0.05). At all …

Background Melatonin has been studied to have anxiolytic, sedative, and analgesic effects.
However, there is limited data on the effect of melatonin in the attenuation of hemodynamic …

Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation may result in a haemodynamic response that
causes unwanted tachycardia and hypertension. In patients with poor myocardial reserve …

Background: The laryngotracheal stimulation is known to cause reflex sympathoadrenal
response with a marked increase in heart rate and blood pressure. Arrhythmias can be …

Background: Laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation (LTI) are known to release
catecholamines resulting in rise in heart rate (HR) and blood pressure. Various drugs have …

Background and objectivesMelatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is the main
indolamine secreted by the pineal gland. Many studies showed that premedication with …

BACKGROUND Laryngoscopy and intubation cause discernible haemodynamic changes
following sympathetic stimulation. These responses are endured by healthy individuals …