In classical conditioning, an alteration in response occurs when two stimuli are regularly
paired in close succession. An area of particular research interest is classical conditioning …

Aversive learning was applied to affect the phototactic behaviour of the marbled crayfish.
Animals initially showed negative phototaxis to white light and positive taxis to blue light …

Previous studies have demonstrated that animals use both environmental cues and
egocentric information when orienting in mazes or nature. These two strategies have been …

The cognitive abilities of animals are challenging to assess. Typically, studies on visual
discrimination in fishes are conducted in the laboratory neglecting the fact that acclimation of …

This study was aimed at the examination of 'mental construction'in paradise fish by
interactive learning, which is suggested as an alternative hypothesis for backward or second …

Classical conditioning in animals is a learning procedure involving a biologically relevant
stimulus paired with a previously neutral stimulus. In fish, light and sound are frequently …

Signaled avoidance learning in crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) was investigated when the
crayfish were not confined, by indexing two types of locomotive movement to the escape …

Learning and memory studies have been performed for more than two decades using the
crab Chasmagnathus in our laboratory. Here, our research was aimed at disclosing some …

Common carp that had been screened for stress coping style using a standard behavioural
test (response to a novel environment) were given a learning task in which food was …

There are two main memory systems: declarative and procedural memory. Knowledge of
these two systems in fish is scarce, and controlled laboratory studies are needed. Trace …