Although pre-menopausal women enjoy relative cardiovascular protection, hormone
(oestrogen±progestin)-replacement therapy has not shown cardiovascular benefits in post …

Observational studies have consistently shown a markedly decreased risk of cardiovascular
disease in postmenopausal women when treated with oestrogens. This review discusses …

Gonadal steroids clearly influence the course of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in
women. This observation has suggested that these hormones have beneficial effects on the …

Women show a lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases than age‐matched men, but this
benefit disappears after menopause. Oestrogen‐mediated vascular actions are mainly …

Estrogens, like other steroid hormones, are potent actors in the cardiovascular system. Since
half the population have high levels of estrogen most of their lives it is plain that estrogen …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the leading cause of death worldwide. The
effect of estrogen on these diseases has been assessed in in vitro and in vivo models, as …

Sex differences in the onset and manifestation of cardiovascular diseases are well known,
yet the mechanism behind this discrepancy remains obscure. Estrogen and its …

The natural oestrogen, 17β-oestradiol, has been implicated in protection from
atherosclerosis, a chronic systemic vascular disease with an inflammatory component …

In modern society, cardiovascular disease remains the biggest single threat to life, being
responsible for approximately one third of worldwide deaths. Male prevalence is significantly …

The cardiovascular effects of estrogen have recently become a focus of basic and clinical
cardiovascular medicine because of the multiplicity of its beneficial effects. Various basic …