Estrogen exerts pleiotropic functions on the cardiovascular system through binding to
estrogen receptors (ERs). Traditionally, ERs have been recognized as transcription factors …

Estrogen is a powerful hormone with pleiotropic effects. Estrogens have potent antioxidant
effects and are able to reduce inflammation, induce vasorelaxation and alter gene …

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in women, a fact that is
underappreciated by women and physicians. Clinical and experimental data underscore the …

In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the recent advances in understanding
estrogen effects on the vascular endothelium. Epidemiological studies suggest the female …

This brief review summarizes the current state of the field for estrogen receptor actions in the
cardiovascular system and the cardiovascular effects of hormone replacement therapy …

There is substantial interest in the effects of estrogen on the vascular wall, due to the marked
gender difference in the incidence of clinically apparent coronary heart disease (CHD) …

Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death among women, accounting for
nearly 50% of female deaths. Statistics show that women on average develop …

In addition to their role as sex hormones, it has been known for many years that oestrogens
have protective effects on the vasculature. These have been implicated in the reduced …

Estrogen has a plethora of effects in the cardiovascular system. Studies of estrogen and the
heart span human clinical trials and basic cell and molecular investigations. Greater …

Epidemiological studies indicate a lower incidence of coronary heart disease in
premenopausal women compared with age-matched men and post-menopausal women …