The use of steroid hormones in postmenopausal replacement therapy has been associated
with prevention of cardiovascular disease. Although the contribution of estradiol to …

Premenopausal women have a significant reduction in coronary artery disease compared to
age matched males. Little is known about the mechanism underlying this cardio protective …

Coronary heart disease is the main cause of death in women. Women during reproductive
years are at lower risk for coronary heart disease than men but this difference tends to …

Coronary heart disease and other vascular diseases account for approximately half of all
deaths in women. Although the underlying pathophysiological processes (atherosclerosis …

The overall effects of oestrogen on the vasculature are beneficial as a result of its antioxidant
properties and ability to enhance relaxation by modulating synthesis of endothelium-derived …

This article reviews historical studies and recent advances regarding the direct effects of
estrogen on the blood vessel wall. It is organized into two sections that summarize effects of …

Cardiovascular disease remains a major cause of mortality among postmenopausal women.
After menopause, atherogenesis is promoted by a number of metabolic and vascular …

Although the preponderance of studies investigating the effects of estrogen on vasomotor
tone and function have focused on women, a number of recent studies have intriguingly …

The effects of estrogen on the female reproductive system are well known. In contrast,
comparatively recent research has demonstrated that estrogen also exerts specific effects on …

Estrogen has direct and indirect effects on the cardiovascular system that are mediated by
the estrogen receptors ER-α and ER-β. The direct effects of estrogen occur through rapid …