Estrogen has pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system. The mechanisms by which
estrogen confers these pleiotropic effects are undergoing active investigation. Until a …

17β-Estradiol (estradiol), the most abundant endogenous estrogen, affords cardiovascular
protection. However, in a given cohort of postmenopausal women, estradiol replacement …

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are widely held to mediate the ability of 17β-estradiol (estradiol) to
attenuate injury-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) leading to …

Cardiovascular diseases remain an age-related pathology in both men and women. These
pathologies are 3-fold more frequent in men than in women before menopause, although …

Retrospective studies show that estrogen significantly decreases the development of
primary cardiovascular disease in women. The sex steroid lowers prothrombotic proteins …

Summary 17 β-estradiol (E 2) protects against atherosclerosis independent of changes in
plasma lipoproteins in a variety of animal models, which is explained by direct effects of E 2 …

Estrogens not only play a pivotal role in sexual development but are also involved in several
physiological processes in various tissues including vasculature. While several …

In the first four decades of life, women are protected from cardiovascular disease (CVD)
compared with men, perhaps making women the stronger sex. Over the next five to ten …

Cardiovascular risk factors impair endothelium-dependent vasodilation as well as other
functions of the endothelium, thereby predisposing the patient to atherosclerosis and its …

Female sex hormones play an important role in virtually every aspect of cardiovascular
physiology. During the last two decades the postulated cardioprotective effects of …