Gender-specific differences in heart disease have long been known but it has only been
since the advent of molecular biology that it has become possible to investigate the …

Diverse estrogen actions are controlled via estrogen receptors (ERs). Mechanisms of action
of ERs are modulated by various factors such as ER subtypes, conformation of the ER …

Despite data showing that estrogen is vasculoprotective in large conduit arteries, hormone
therapy (HT) during menopause has not proven to mitigate cardiovascular disease (CVD) …

Arterial blood pressure levels and the prevalence of hypertension are generally lower in
premenopausal women compared with age-matched men. The lower blood pressure levels …

The impact of estrogen exposure in preventing or treating cardiovascular disease is
controversial. But it is clear that estrogen has important effects on vascular physiology and …

Background: The biological functions of estrogens extend beyond the female and male
reproductive tract, affecting the cardiovascular and renal systems. Traditional views on the …

While experimental evidence demonstrates that estrogen protects vascular cells, clinical
trials on hormone replacement therapies (HRT) fail to report cardiovascular benefits. This …

Estrogens exert important regulatory functions on vessel wall components, which may
contribute to the increased prevalence and severity of certain chronic inflammatory and …

The beneficial effects of estrogens on the cardiovascular system are associated with
adverse effects on reproductive tissues. On the basis of previous work indicating a major …

A discussion of the role of endogenous estradiol metabolites in mediating important
biological actions of estradiol is essentially nonexistent in standard textbooks of …