Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is more common in men and postmenopausal women (Post-
MW) than premenopausal women (Pre-MW). Despite recent advances in preventive …

Objectives In contrast to the vasculature, it remains unclear whether oestrogens also directly
affect the myocardium. In this study, we addressed basic questions regarding oestrogen …

Whereas hormone replacement/menopause therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women
increases the coronary artery risk, epidemiological studies (protection in premenopaused …

Background Estrogen plays a major role in the delayed expression of coronary heart
disease (CHD) in women, and recent data indicate that postmenopausal estrogen therapy …

Premenopausal women have a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared
with their age-matched male counterparts; however, this discrepancy is abolished following …

The use of hormone replacement therapy for coronary heart disease prevention in humans
has been an area of intense controversy. The atheroprotective qualities of estrogens have …

Background Premenopausal women have much lower susceptibility to coronary artery
disease than do men or postmenopausal women. It has been proposed that estrogen plays …

It is well documented that postmenopausal estrogen/progestin therapy (HRT) protects
women against cardiovascular disorders. However, the mechanism (s) by which this …

Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. More than 17
million people die worldwide from CVD per year. There is considerable evidence suggesting …

The higher incidence of cardiovascular disease in men than in women of similar age, and
the menopause-associated increase in cardiovascular disease in women, has led to …