Exposure to acutely lethal un‐ionised ammonia concentrations resulted in a 3.3‐fold
increase in oxygen consumption. This was associated with increases in ventilation volume …

Adult trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fitted with a dorsal aortic catheter were exposed to
288±15μmoll− 1 (mean±sem) total ammonia for 24h in water at a pH of 8.39±0.02, while …

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed for up to 4 days to 100, 300 and 500
μM ammonia and 0, 300 and 600 μM nitrite. Each ammonia concentration was combined …

Salmo gairdneri specimens were exposed for 4–48 hr to various environmental un-ionized
ammonia (UIA) concentrations. In the brain of NH 3-treated trout glutamate, GABA, total …

Ammonia is produced in the liver and excreted as NH3 by diffusion across the gills. Elevated
ammonia results in an increase in gill ventilation, perhaps via stimulation of gill oxygen …

1. Rainbow trout were placed in solutions of ammonium chloride containing 0, 1, 3, 5 and 8
μg total ammonia/ml. After 24-hr exposure the mean blood levels for total ammonia showed …

Using a continuous-flow method a total of 14 acute toxicity bioassays were conducted using
seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), seabream (Spams aurata) and turbot (Scophthalmus …

Sodium balance status of rainbow trout was used to investigate sublethal effects of ammonia
in the range 25–600 μg l− 1 NH 3. There was no response at 25 μg l− 1 NH 3 (pH 7) but …

Ammonia is present in the aquatic environment due to agricultural run-off and
decomposition of biological waste. Ammonia is toxic to all vertebrates causing convulsions …

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)(369±70 g) were exposed to nominal water ammonia levels
of 0.5 (control), 3, 22, 40, 112 and 255 μg/l NH3-N (0.05–25.3 mg/l TA-N; total ammonia-N) …