Abstract Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a member of the transforming growth
factor‐β super family. It has multiple effects on development, physiology and diseases …

Background The efficacy of stem cell therapy for ischemia repair has been limited by low cell
retention rate. Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a member of the transforming …

Abstract Growth differentiation factor‐15 (GDF‐15) and the CCN family member, connective
tissue growth factor (CCN2), are associated with cardiac disease, inflammation, and cancer …

Repair of large bone defects remains a challenge for surgeons, tissue engineering
represents a promising approach. However, the use of this technique is limited by delayed …

Stromal cell derived factor‑1 (SDF‑1) is a chemokine that plays a critical role in the homing of
stem and progenitor cells, including endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). However, little …

Background Neovascularization plays an important role in tissue engineering applications.
In animal models, it was demonstrated that implantation of endothelial progenitor cells …

Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) has been shown to promote stem cell activity and
rejuvenate the function of multiple organs in old mice, but little is known about the functions …

Objectives Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), an emerging secreted member of the
TGF‐beta superfamily, plays essential roles in development, physiology and multiple …

Angiogenesis is essential for bone formation and several bone morphogenetic proteins
(BMPs) have been shown to induce angiogenesis through osteoblast-derived vascular …

Recruited bone marrow-derived circulating cells (RBCCs) play a key role in therapeutic
neovascularization. Several important steps take place during this process, which include …