Computer simulation can be used to integrate existing toxicity information within a
biologically realistic framework. Simulation models calculate relevant measures of target …

The goal of most toxicology studies is to help reach some conclusion about likely risks
posed to humans or to other species from chemical exposures. Test results, both from in vivo …

Biologically based modeling can be described as the process by which the specific
mechanistic steps governing tissue disposition and toxic action of chemicals are expressed …

Validation of a mathematical model requires demonstrating that a model is free of
mathematical errors (internal consistency), is sensitive to large but not small errors or …

The goals of this perspective have been to examine areas where quantitative simulation
models may be useful in toxicology and related risk assessment fields and to offer …

Since it has been considered acceptable to expose animal to conditions and procedures
that would not be considered acceptable for human, animals have long been used as …

A major objective of the toxicological sciences is to predict the in vivo toxicological
consequences of human exposure to pure chemicals, complex mixtures and commercial …

Absiract: Physiologically-based models describe the interrelationships of processes at the
molecular, biochemical, cellular and organ system levels that determine the delivery of …

A workshop convened to define research needs in toxicology identified several deficiencies
in data and methods currently applied in risk assessment. The workshop panel noted that …

Historically, the identification of potential toxicity associated with chemicals and agents has
employed higher‐animal (mammals) models and human observational data, though such …