Adaptive immune responses are characterized by antigen specificity and induction of
lifelong immunologic memory. Recently, it has been reported that innate immune cells can …

Memory for antigen is a defining feature of adaptive immunity. Antigen-specific lymphocyte
populations show an increase in number and function after antigen encounter and more …

Cells of the innate immune system are essential for host defenses against primary microbial
pathogen infections, yet their involvement in effective memory responses of vaccinated …

▪ Abstract The purpose of immunological memory is to protect the host from reinfection, to
control persistent infections, and, through maternal antibody, to protect the host's …

One outcome of infection is the formation of long-lived immunological memory, which
provides durable protection from symptomatic re-infection. In response to infection or …

How the immune system remembers a previous encounter with a pathogen and responds
more efficiently to a subsequent encounter has been one of the central enigmas for …

Immunological memory is classically attributed to adaptive immune responses, but recent
studies have shown that challenged innate immune cells can display long-term functional …

During the last few years, a growing body of evidence has shown that immunological
memory is not an exclusive trait of lymphocytes, as many inflammatory insults can alter the …

Cells of the innate immune system build immunological memory via epigenetic
reprogramming after stimulations with microbial ligands. This functional readjustment allows …

The gut microbiota significantly regulates the development and function of the innate and
adaptive immune system. The attribute of immunological memory has long been linked only …