Pain is both a major clinical and economic problem, affecting more people than diabetes,
heart disease, and cancer combined. While a variety of prescribed or over-the-counter …

Introduction: The recent dramatic increase in intentional and unintentional deaths attributed
to opioids has refocused attention on the therapeutic ratio (risk–benefit ratio) of opioid …

Opioids continue to be of use for the treatment of pain. Most clinically used analgesics target
the μ opioid receptor whose activation results in adverse effects like respiratory depression …

Achieving effective pain management is one of the major challenges associated with
modern day medicine. Opioids, such as morphine, have been the reference treatment for …

The μ-opioid receptors mainly contribute to the control of pain transmission, while a number
of splice variants may have different physiological roles. In fact, some μ-opioid receptor …

Though efficacious in managing chronic, severe pain, opioid analgesics are accompanied
by significant adverse effects including constipation, tolerance, dependence, and respiratory …

Classical opioid analgesics, including morphine, mediate all of their desired and undesired
effects by specific activation of the μ‐opioid receptor (μ receptor). The use of morphine for …

The scarcity and limited risk/benefit ratio of painkillers available on the market, in addition to
the opioid crisis, warrant reflection on new innovation strategies. The pharmacopoeia of …

Most clinically used opioids are thought to induce analgesia through activation of the mu
opioid receptor (MOR). However, disparities have been observed between the efficacy of …

A serious adverse effect of prescription opioid analgesics is addiction, both to these
analgesics and to illicit drugs like heroin that also activate the µ-opioid receptor (MOR) …