In vitro three-dimensional (3D) tumour models mimic natural cancer tissue in vivo, bridging
the gap between conventional 2D in vitro testing and animal models. Stromal and cancer …

The hallmark of tumours is the ability of cancerous cells to promote vascular growth, to
disseminate and invade to distant organs. The metastatic process is heavily influenced by …

In vitro 3D culture systems provide promising tools for screening novel therapies and
understanding drug resistance mechanisms in cancer because they are adapted for high …

The “Tumor microenvironment”(TME) is a complex, interacting system of the tumor and its
surrounding environment. The TME has drawn more attention recently in attempts to …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a significant role in cancer progression and thus
modeling it will advance our understanding of cancer growth dynamics and response to …

The complex microenvironment in which malignant tumor cells grow is crucial for cancer
progression. The physical and biochemical characteristics of this niche are involved in …

Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures have been the standard for many different applications,
ranging from basic research to stem cell and cancer research to regenerative medicine, for …

Cell–microenvironment interactions play a critical role in the transformation of normal cells
into cancer; however, the underlying mechanisms and effects are far from being well …

The stromal microenvironment of breast tumors, namely the vasculature, has a key role in
tumor development and metastatic spread. Tumor angiogenesis is a coordinated process …

Development of high-fidelity three-dimensional (3D) models to recapitulate the tumor
microenvironment is essential for studying tumor biology and discovering anticancer drugs …