There is strong evidence from both human and nonhuman primate studies supporting the
conclusion that estrogen deficiency increases the progression of atherosclerosis. More …

Cardiovascular disease claims the lives of 500 000 women in the United States every year.
1 Although women are largely protected from clinical coronary disease before the …

Several lines of evidence suggest that estrogen is an important determinant of
cardiovascular risk in women. Epidemiologic data document low rates of coronary heart …

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death in American women. Evidence
from epidemiological studies indicates that estrogen replacement therapy in …

The Estrogen Replacement and Atherosclerosis (ERA) trial is a three-arm, randomized,
placebo-controlled, double-blind trial to evaluate the effects of estrogen replacement therapy …

Although controversy continues, the preponderance of evidence indicates that estrogen
replacement therapy favorably influences the risk of coronary heart disease in …

The incidence of cardiovascular disease differs significantly between men and women, in
part because of differences in risk factors and hormones. 1 The incidence of atherosclerotic …

Extensive epidemiologic and postmortem studies have identified a link between menopause
and cardiovascular disease. The relation is especially strong in surgically menopausal …

The past several years have been marked by confusion and controversy concerning
whether estrogens are cardioprotective. The issue is of utmost public health importance …

▪ Abstract Estrogens prevent heart disease in women and have also been shown to retard
atherogenesis in animal models. Estrogens may act at several steps in the atherogenic …