There has been growing recent interest in the relative importance of within‐species trait
variation vs. across‐species trait variation in vascular plants in determining total community …

Traditional approaches in trait‐based community ecology typically expect that trait filtering
across broad environmental gradients is largely due to replacement of species, rather than …

Questions We tested the relationship between total cover, species richness and composition
of epiphytic lichens on trunks of Betula pubescens and ecosystem retrogression (ie …

Aim Lichen epiphytes are important for biodiversity conservation and are also widely applied
as environmental indicators. However, biogeographical and ecological knowledge …

Across environmental gradients, community‐level functional traits of plants can change due
to species turnover, intraspecific variation and their covariation. Studies on vascular plants …

Major environmental gradients co‐vary with elevation and have been a longstanding natural
tool allowing ecologists to study global diversity patterns at smaller scales, and to make …

Characterizing functional trait variation and covariation, and its drivers, is critical to
understand the response of species to changing environmental conditions. Evolutionary and …

A major goal of community genetics is to understand the influence of genetic variation within
a species on ecological communities. Although well‐documented for some organisms …

Aim We evaluate the scale dependence of species richness–environment relationships with
a continent‐wide analysis of lichen epiphyte communities. Specifically, our goals are to …

Questions Popular methods to analyse community–trait–environment relationships constrain
community patterns by trait and environment relationships. What if some traits are strongly …