Timberline, or the low-temperature limits of forest and tree growth, is one of the most
fundamental ecological boundaries. Below timberline, foliage and reproductive structures …

Recent hypotheses of timberline causation include the possibility that limitations to growth
processes may be more limiting than restrictions on photosynthetic carbon gain, and that …

The distribution of trees reaches a natural limit somewhere along thermal, drought, or
disturbance gradients. The limit set by low temperature at high elevation or high polar …

Climate1 is an important factor for tree growth. It governs the stand structure, the species
composition, the amount of biomass production, and also sets limits for their survival …

On a global scale, climate-driven high-altitude treelines occur at surprisingly similar growing-
season temperatures (means from 5.5 to 7.5° C), whereas season length varies between 2.5 …

The previous chapters have provided a first insight into the heterogeneity, complexity and
great physiognomic and ecological variety of the timberline phenomenon; a heterogeneity …

In the past the upper timberlines and their ecological causality were mostly studied in high
mountains of the humid temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere with their strong …

In our days the opinion is widespread that under natural conditions the upper climatic forest
limits would be rather sharp than a transitional belt. The existence of transitional belts is …

In this review I first compile data for the worldwide position of climate-driven alpine treelines.
Causes for treeline formation are then discussed with a global perspective. Available …

Forest growth is restricted at high latitudes and high elevations, and the limits of tree growth
in these environments are dramatically marked by the treeline transition from vertical, erect …