Current models suggest that T cells that receive only signal-1 through antigenic stimulation
of the T cell receptor (TCR) become anergic, but will mount an immune response when a …

Activating signals generated by members of the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily
upon interaction with their cognate ligands play important roles in T‐cell responses …

Full and productive activation of T lymphocytes relies on the simultaneous delivery of T cell
receptor (TCR)-and coreceptor-derived signals. In naïve T cells engagement of the TCR …

Costimulation is a concept that goes back to the early 1980s when Lafferty and others
hypothesized that cell surface and soluble molecules must exist that are essential for …

The mechanisms controlling induction of anergy at the level of naïve CD4+ T cells are poorly
understood but thought to reflect limited contact with costimulatory molecules during T cell …

Costimulatory signals initiated by the interaction between the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
ligand and cognate TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamilies promote clonal expansion …

Activation of T cells is dependent upon coordinate engagement of Ag and costimulator
receptors on their surfaces. In the case of the Ag receptors (TCRs), activation thresholds …

Reverse signaling of transmembrane TNF (mTNF) contributes to the versatility of this
cytokine superfamily. Previously, we could demonstrate that mTNF acting as receptor …

The TNF family member Fas ligand (FasL) induces apoptosis in Fas-expressing cells and
serves as a key death factor in the immune system. It is involved in the termination of …

CTLA-4 is a member of the costimulatory family, has homology to CD28, and binds the B7
family of ligands. Unlike CD28, CTLA-4 ligation transmits a negative signal in T cells. CTLA …