Costimulatory receptors and ligands trigger the signaling pathways that are responsible for
modulating the strength, course, and duration of an immune response. High‐resolution …

T cells lacking TRAF1 hyperproliferate in response to T cell receptor signaling but have
impaired signaling downstream of specific TNFR family members such as 4-1BB. Here we …

Summary Fc receptor for IgM (FcμR)-deficient mice display dysregulated function of
neutrophils, dendritic cells, and B cells. The relevance of FcμR to human T cells is still …

Members of both the CD28 and TNFR families can have costimulatory roles in T cell
activation. Gene targeted mice as well as in vivo blocking experiments have established …

Costimulation is essential for induction of T lymphocyte proliferation and inhibition of
activation‐induced cell death. While signaling pathways activated following the ligation of …

It is well established that full activation of T cells requires the interaction of the TCR complex
with the peptide–MHC complex (Signal 1) and additional signals (Signal 2). These second …

Costimulatory molecules are crucial for the induction of immune responses after
immunization with purified proteins or peptides. However, some viruses and other …

CD28 and CTLA-4 are the major costimulatory receptors on naive T cells. But it is not clear
why CD28 is monovalent whereas CTLA-4 is bivalent for their shared ligands CD80/86. We …

Naive T cells require costimulation for robust Ag-driven differentiation and survival. Members
of the TNFR family have been shown to provide costimulatory signals conferring survival at …

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