A successful T cell immune response has two major products: effector T cells which directly
or indirectly remove the antigens, and memory T cells, which allow a faster and more …

T cell activation requires a threshold amount of TCR-mediated signals, an amount that is
reduced by signals mediated through costimulatory molecules expressed on the T cell …

Both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) are adjuvants for the
adaptive immune response, inducing upregulation of costimulatory molecules (UCM) on …

Protein kinase C-θ (PKCθ) is a Ca2+-independent member of the PKC family that is
selectively expressed in skeletal muscle and T lymphocytes and plays an important role in T …

CTLA-4 is a critical negative regulator of the immune system and a major target for
immunotherapy. However, precisely how it functions in vivo to maintain immune …

Pro‐inflammatory CD4+ T‐cell‐mediated autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis
and type 1 diabetes, are hypothesized to be initiated and maintained by activated antigen …

Ligation of T cell receptor (TCR) alone is insufficient to induce full activation of T
lymphocytes. Additional ligand-receptor interactions (costimulation) on antigen presenting …

In addition to the expression of MHC-antigen complexes and molecules which non-
specifically promote cell adhesion, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) provide costimutalory …

T-lymphocyte activation requires engagement of the T cell receptor with antigen-major
histocompatibility complex, and simultaneous ligation of costimulatory pathways via the …

The inducible costimulator (ICOS), a member of the CD28 family of costimulatory molecules,
is rapidly induced upon T cell activation. Although the critical role of ICOS in costimulating T …