This personal recollection looks at the evolution of ideas about the dynamics of the blood
oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal, with an emphasis on the balloon model. From …

The sensitivity of MRI for local changes in the deoxyhemoglobin concentration is the basis of
the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) effect. Time-resolved fMRI studies during visual …

Neural activity in the brain is accompanied by changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and
blood oxygenation that are detectable with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) …

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used to noninvasively monitor adult human
brain function in a wide variety of tasks. While rough spatial correspondences with maps …

Calibrated blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) imaging, a technique used to
measure changes in cerebral O2 metabolism, depends on an accurate model of how the …

A biomechanical model is presented for the dynamic changes in deoxyhemoglobin content
during brain activation. The model incorporates the conflicting effects of dynamic changes in …

An ongoing question in functional MRI is precisely how measured signal changes relate to
neuronal activity. While this question has been probed using animal models and …

The BOLD contrast mechanism has a complex relationship with functional brain activity,
oxygen metabolism, and neurovascular factors. Accurate interpretation of the BOLD signal …

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using blood oxygenation level-dependent
(BOLD) contrast has progressed rapidly and is commonly used to study function in many …

High-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using blood oxygenation
dependent level-dependent (BOLD) signal is an increasingly popular tool to non-invasively …