Background Blockade of inducible costimulatory ligand (ICOSL) might be a promising
approach for autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We …

Atherosclerosis is a dyslipidemia disease characterized by foam cell formation driven by the
accumulation of lipids. Visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor (vaspin) is …

Atherosclerosis is a multi-factorial inflammatory disease and is the primary initiator of
coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease. Initially believed to be exclusively lipid-driven …

Background: Cholesterol efflux capacity dysfunction in macrophages is thought to be an
important factor in atherosclerosis. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this …

Triglyceride (TG) is known to be associated with inflammatory diseases including
atherosclerosis. At the cellular level, TG can act as an immunomodulatory stimulus for …

Atherosclerosis stems from imbalances in lipid metabolism and leads to maladaptive
inflammatory responses. The AMP-activated protein kinase (Ampk) is a highly conserved …

Macrophages possess remarkable phenotypic and functional plasticity in response to micro-
environmental stimuli (1). In atherosclerosis, macrophages sequester extracellular modified …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is considered to have a critical role in the occurrence
and development of atherosclerosis in atherosclerosis-prone mice; however, it remains …

Background Sustained inflammation of obesity causes insulin resistance, adipocyte
malfunctions, transformation of adipose tissue-infiltrated macrophages (AIM) from anti …

Host defense systems of multicellular organisms comprise two major arms:(i) the innate and
(ii) the adaptive parts of the immune system. The innate immune system has a humoral arm …