Individual differences in cognitive performance can have genetic, social and environmental
components. Most research on the heritability of cognitive traits comes from humans or …

A wide range of species exhibit time-and context-consistent interindividual variation in a
number of specific behaviors related to an individual's personality. Several studies have …

In an ever-changing environment, the ability to adapt choices to new conditions is essential
for daily living and ultimately, for survival. Behavioural flexibility allows animals to maximise …

Highlights•Early foraging experiences can shape development of exploratory
personalities.•Juvenile red knots have a more diverse diet than adults.•Juveniles are less …

The present study investigated how stress affects instrumental learning performance in
horses (Equus caballus) depending on the type of reinforcement. Horses were assigned to …

While many studies have examined both boldness and behavioral inhibition from
psychological, psychiatric and physiological perspectives, little in the way of controlled …

Within populations, individual differences in behavioral and cognitive traits are dependent
on the habitat and specific contexts, such as the presence of a predator or other risks. The …

Personality differences are widespread throughout the animal kingdom and can have
important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Despite a rapidly increasing body of …

The development of adaptive responses to novel situations via learning has been
demonstrated in a wide variety of animal taxa. However, knowledge on the learning abilities …

Individuals show consistent differences in their approach to novel tasks (ie,“cognitive
syndromes”), whereby “fast” individuals are bold and solve new problems quickly compared …