Evidence indicates that central glial activation depends on nerve inputs from the site of injury
and release of chemical mediators. Hematogenous immune cells may migrate to/infiltrate …

Chronic pain is maintained in part by central sensitization, a phenomenon of synaptic
plasticity, and increased neuronal responsiveness in central pain pathways after painful …

Neuropathic pain, a maladaptive and chronic condition that can develop after a lesion or
disease affecting the somatosensory system, is characterized by allodynia, hyperalgesia …

Within the past decade, there has been increasing recognition that glia are far more than
simply “housekeepers” for neurons. This review explores two recently recognized roles of …

During neuropathic pain, glial cells (mainly astrocytes and microglia) become activated and
initiate a series of signaling cascades that modulate pain processing at both spinal and …

Chronic pain is the most difficult type of pain to treat. Previously, the development of
analgesics has focused on neuronal targets; however, current analgesics are only modestly …

Inflammation is the body's response to injury and infection, involving a complex biological
response of the somatosensory, immune, autonomic, and vascular systems. Inflammatory …

Activation of glial cells and neuro–glial interactions are emerging as key mechanisms
underlying chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has implicated 3 types of glial cells in the …

With a widespread opioid epidemic and profound biopsychosocial implications, chronic pain
is a multifaceted public health issue requiring urgent attention. The treatment of chronic pain …

Neuropathic pain refers to a variety of chronic pain conditions with differing underlying
pathophysiologic mechanisms and origins. Recent studies indicate a communication …