B lymphocytes are critical for effective immunity; they produce antibodies and cytokines,
present antigens to T lymphocytes and regulate immune responses. However, because of …

B-1 cells differ from conventional B-2 cells both phenotypically and functionally. Two
seemingly mutually exclusive hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of B-1 …

B cells get help from T cells by acting as antigen-specific APC. A signal from the B cell
antigen receptor is not required for efficient antigen presentation or for the B cell response to …

B cells produce high-affinity immunoglobulins (Igs), or antibodies, to eliminate foreign
pathogens. Mature, naïve B cells expressing an antigen-specific cell surface Ig, or B cell …

Cytokine production by B cells is important for multiple aspects of immunity. B cell-derived
cytokines, including lymphotoxin, are essential for the ontogenesis, homeostasis and …

We compared the effects of antigen (Ag) presentation by T cells and professional antigen‐
presenting cells (APC) on T cell proliferation, cytokine production and surface molecule …

A hallmark of the adaptive immune system is the specificity of B cell and T cell responses.
Mechanistically, this feature relies on the fact that the two genes that encode B cell and T cell …

In adult mice, the number of B lymphocytes remains constant under homeostatic control, in
spite of the fact that B cells are produced continuously in numbers that largely exceed the …

Upon antigen recognition via their B cell receptor (BR), B cells migrate to the germinal center
where they undergo somatic hypermutation (SHM) to increase their affinity for the antigen …

Highlights•T-bet+ B cells can be protective in infections and pathogenic in autoimmunity.•T-
bet+ B cells are antigen-experienced.•T-bet+ B cells may be plasmablast precursors or …